Cold+War+United+Nations

Cold War United Nations WHO- The General Assembly of the United Nations WHAT- A text that countries signed that forced countries to obey, if nothing else, at least the rights of all humans. There is a total of 30 articles. WHEN- 10 December 1948 WHERE- Signed in France WHY/SIGNIFICANCE- Human life was completely disrespected, so someone or something had to step in and stop it. [|http://www.un.org/Overview/ rights.html] WHO- **China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States (five permanent members)** WHAT- These members can turn down something and veto it WHEN- 1945-present WHERE- all over the world WHY/SIGNIFICANCE- It causes some controversy because these members have a very big impact on people [] WHO- Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt WHAT- a meeting between Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt where Poland was a main topic of discussion WHEN- February 1945 WHERE- Held in Crimea- Teheran WHY/SIGNIFICANCE- Only way for Soviet Union to be safe is for Poland to have a communist government à  formed the United Nations [|http://www.spartacus. schoolnet.co.uk/2WWyalta.htm] WHO- the 192 members of the United nations WHAT- it was the “ policymaking and representative organ of the United Nations” (un.org)  WHEN- 1945  WHERE- all over the world WHY/SIGNIFICANCE- The General Assembly’s purpose is to try to keep peace between nations, it has to do with international peace and communication. [] WHO- all of the countries that were involved in the UN (45 nations) WHAT-a meeting that took place right after Roosevelt’s sudden death, his speech was written before her had died though and his speech was read WHEN- 25 april–26 june 1945 WHERE- Europe WHY/SIGNIFICANCE- Poland was not there to sign the treaty at the conference, a space was left for Poland. They later sign, and they are considered an original member. [|http://www. nationsencyclopedia.com/ United-Nations/The-Making-of- the-United-Nations-THE-SAN- FRANCISCO-CONFERENCE-25-APRIL- 26-JUNE-1945.html] WHO- United nations members and Somalia WHAT- Wanted to protect Somalia, and make seaports and airports there WHEN- April 1992 - March 1993 WHERE- Mogadishu, Somalia  <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">WHY/SIGNIFICANCE- There was a “Somalia Crisis” because Somalia is near the end of Africa. []
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Universal Declaration of Human Rights: **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Veto Power: **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Yalta Conference: **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">General Assembly: **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">San Francisco Conference: **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">UN involvement in: **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Somalia 1992:

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 * THE SECURITY COUNCIL**
 * WHO**: Nations around the world
 * WHAT**: A council under the United Nations, whose primary responsibility is the maintenance of international peace and security. The Council tries to settle disputes between nations peacefully through investigation and mediation. If fighting breaks out, their first concern is to bring it to a stop as soon as possible.
 * WHEN**: began in 1945 with the establishment of the U.N.
 * WHERE**: Each meeting is held at the Security Council Headquarters, but can relocate every so often. For example, in 1972, meetings took place in Addis Ababa and Ethiopia. The following year, the Council met in Panama City.
 * WHY/SIGNIFICANCE**: The Security Council helps reduce the tension in troubled areas and calm the nations, in which peaceful settlements emerge. They may decide on enforcement actions, economic endorsements (such as trade embargoes), or “collective” military action.
 * UNICEF**
 * WHO**: The United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund. It involves every country around the world.
 * WHAT**: Relief organization specializing in child survival and development, basic education and gender quality, HIV/AIDS in children, and child protection.
 * WHEN**: created in December 1946 and still exists today
 * WHERE**: began in Europe, but eventually spread all over the world
 * WHY/SIGNIFICANCE**: UNICEF works with many organizations to help give children better lives, and contribute to the United Nations’ cultural effect on the world.
 * World Health Organization **
 * WHO**: The United Nations World Health Organization
 * WHAT**: An organization under the jurisdiction of the United Nations that is responsible for providing global health leadership, researching important health issues and finding ways to solve them, setting the “norms” and standards of good health, discussing policy options, offering technical support to countries, and monitoring/assessing the recent trends of health.
 * WHEN**: WHO’s constitution was created on April 7, 1948. Since then, WHO’s anniversary is celebrated as World Health Day. WHO has been a part of the United Nations since 1945, when the U.N. was first formed.
 * WHERE**: WHO exists all over the world, but its headquarters are in Switzerland.
 * WHY/SIGNIFICANCE**: WHO has an impressive agenda to improve public health. First, because poverty is a main factor in public health, WHO plans to develop a health policy to give priority health outcomes in poor, disadvantaged or vulnerable groups, promote health security, and strengthen the health systems around the world.

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 * INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE**
 * WHO**: The International Court of Justice (ICJ), United Nations
 * WHAT**: The ICJ is the principal judicial "organ" of the U.N.
 * WHEN**: June 1945
 * WHERE**: Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands
 * WHY/SIGNIFICANCE**: The ICJ settles legal disputes submitted to it and to give advisory opinions on legal questions referred to them. A predecessor of the ICJ is the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), which was the first permanent international court with general jurisdiction. The PCIJ ran from 1922-1946, and made clarifications for a number of aspects of international law possible, and contributed to its development. Within the first 18 years, the PCIJ dealt with 29 controversial cases and delivered 27 advisory opinions. Both courts contribute greatly to settling legal disputes among nations through the United Nations.

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 * ECOSOC**
 * WHO**: The Economic and Social Council
 * WHAT**: The ECOSOC is the principal organ to coordinate economic, social, and related work of the 14 UN specialized agencies, functional commissions and five regional commissions.
 * WHEN**: The ECOSOC was established in 1945 under the United Nations Charter.
 * WHERE**: New York, USA
 * WHY/SIGNIFICANCE**: The ECOSOC serves as the central forum for discussing international economic and social issues and compiling policy recommendations the U.N. The ECOSOC is responsible for promoting high standards of living, full employment, and economic and social progress; recognizing the solutions to international economic, social, and health problems; facilitating international cultural and educational cooperation; and encouraging universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.

1. Restore law and order in the Congo and maintain it 2. Prevent other nations from becoming involved with the crisis 3. Assist in building the nation’s economy 4. Restore political stability Lumumba then asked the U.N. to use the army to crash the power of Tshombe in Katanga, but it violated their oath to act only as a means of self-defense. Lumumba got upset and asked the USSR for support. The Soviets provided Lumumba’s government with military equipment that gave him the opportunity to launch the attack on Katanga like he had planned, but the attack proved to be a failure. President Kasavubu of the Congo replaced Lumumba with Colonel Mobutu of the army. For the first 6 months of 1961, four groups claimed to lead the Congo: 1. Mobutu’s government (based in Leopoldville) 2. Lumumba’s supporters (based in Stanleyville) 3. Tshombe’s “government” (based in Elizabethville) 4. Self-titled King Albert Kalonji’s breakaway government (based in the Kasai Province) In 1961, the United Nation’s troops attacked Katanga. They captured key points in the province, but they did not find Tshombe, for he had fled to Rhodesia. Many people believed that the U.N. fulfilled its primary objectives in the Congo, and they prevented a civil war as well. These events illustrate the strength of the United Nations’ Security Council and other parts of the U.N., in addition to showing the willingness they have to help other nations when in difficult situations. []
 * U.N. INVOLVEMENT IN THE CONGO 1961**
 * WHO:** The United Nations and the Congo
 * WHAT: **The United Nations’ involvement in the Congo crisis
 * WHEN: **1961
 * WHERE: **Congo
 * WHY/SIGNIFICANCE:** The newly independent Congo was having trouble becoming a successful new nation, and the mineral-rich area of Katanga was soon declared independent from the Congo by Moise Tshombe. Prime Minister of Congo, Patrice Lumumba, looked to the U.N. for help. The Security Council created an army to restore law and order to the Congo, numbering about 10,000 troops. This army was only allowed to act on self-defense, was unable to take sides, and had four main tasks:

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 * U.N. INVOLVEMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA 1966-1994**
 * WHO: **United Nations and South Africa
 * WHAT:** The involvement of the United Nations in the apartheid of South Africa
 * WHEN:** 1966-1994
 * WHERE:** South Africa
 * WHY/SIGNIFICANCE: ** The issue of apartheid in South Africa was placed on the U.N. agenda in 1946. In 1952, apartheid was again discussed in the aftermath of the Defiance Campaign. The U.N. then set up a team to monitor the progress of apartheid and the racial affairs in the country. In 1960, the U.N. took action after the Sharpeville Massacre, and the Security Council demanded South Africa put an end to racial separation and discrimination. The African Nation Conference (ANC) began a campaign of armed struggle which consisted mainly of bombings and the murders of civilians. In 1966, the U.N. held the first colloquium on apartheid. Later the U.N. General Assembly declared March 21 as the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination to commemorate the Sharpeville Massacre. In 1978 and 1983 the U.N. condemned South Africa at the World Conference Against Racism and a significant movement began. By the late 1980s, the U.S., U.K., and 23 other nations had passed laws placing various trade sanctions on South Africa. These events show the cultural and moral effects the United Nations have on the world as well as the great impact they can make in the future.