Cold+War+1960s


 * [[file:The Cold War in the 1960s - Ratna Gill and Jordan Pasternak.ppt]]Cold War 1960s**

The Berlin Wall was the physical barrier between East and West Berlin that was erected in August 13, 1961. The construction of the Berlin Wall was so instantaneous that over one night all public transportation was closed and was constructed, originally, as a barb wire fence. The Berlin Wall was built because after the end of WWII the relationship between the Soviet Union and the other Allied powers started to weaken. Eventually, Berlin became a fight between East and West, Democracy versus Communism. The West side of Berlin was made up of the United States’, France’s, and Great Britain’s zones and the East side consisted of the Soviet Union’s zone. The status of citizens on both sides of Berlin was practically polar opposites of one another. The West side of Berlin, with the help of their Western governors, built a capitalist society quickly and economically boomed. The citizens lived a fantastic life, moving as they pleased and buying all sorts of gadgets. The East side of Berlin was the polar opposite of the West side. With the communists in control, the East side was completely impoverished and basic civil liberties were severely restricted. The Berlin wall was used as a separation between East and West Berlin, Communist and Capitalist, rich and poor, and the cruel versus forgiving.
 * Jordan's Identifications**
 * The Bay of Pigs Invasion
 * The Cuban Missile Crisis (hotline)
 * The Berlin Wall

Rosenberg, Jennifer. "Berlin Wall." __Berlin Life | Travel Guide | Berlin Apartments Hotels Restaurants Bars Pubs and Shops Berlin | Germany__. 13 Mar. 2009 []. NASA, or Nation Aeronautics and Space Administration, was a new but very active government insititution in the 1960s. NASA's main job was to research and develop any space age or flight technology and use it to the benefit of the United States. NASA was mainly in competition with Russia's space program, who sent the first human into space on April 12, 1961. This first human in space was Yuri Gagarin and this overshadowed NASA's efforts. But on May 5, 1961, NASA successfully launched Alan Shepard into space but he orbited the Eartch for a mere 15 minutes before landing. This was not an impressive feat to the Soviets. NASA does not give up and eventually develops the //Friendship 7// rocket to propel John Glenn into orbit. The rocket successfully sends Glenn into a orbit around the Earth and he maintains this orbit. After a full orbit, Glenn touches down in the Atlantic Ocean. In January of 1969, the crew for Apollo 11 is announced. This crew consists of Neil Armstrong, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin, and Michael Collins. On July 16, 1969, the shuttle //Apollo 11// takes off into the sky. On July 20, 1969, The //Eagle// landing craft touches down on the moon's surface, sprouting the famous phrase "The Eagle has landed!" Aldrin and Armstrong then become the first two men to ever walk on the moon. This proves that NASA improved and applied technology in the 1960s and made great successes. Scholastic. "First Space Flights | NASA: Challenging the Space Frontier | Scholastic.com." __Teaching Resources, Children's Book Recommendations, and Student Activities | Scholastic.com__. 13 Mar. 2009 [].  JFK and Nikita Khrushchev were two very strong, very ambitious leaders of the 1960s. The U.S. and the U.S.S.R. were recovering from an economically and socially crippling war. At first, JFK and Khrushchev seemed to have a very friendly, diplomatic relationship. This relationship started when JFK took office and swore to try to strengthen relations between the Soviet Union and the United States. Khrushchev was also looking to strengthen ties between these two nations and was hoping for an easy transition into a time of peace. But the problem at the time is that the United States was attacking Cuba but then denying any involvement. The U.S. was clearly funding and supporting a rebel group in Cuba that was trying to overthrow the current government. Khrushchev, like the rest of the Soviet Union, felt that each nation had its own right to self-determination and that if the people want to be communist, let them be communist. Khrushchev made the very good point that the Soviet Union was not spreading communism because they have no bases in Cuba. This disproves any belief of the Soviet Union “forcing” their government onto others. Kennedy and Khrushchev had many letter exchanges and over this time they began to develop a strained relationship. Khrushchev was trying to get the truth out of JFK while JFK was dodging all questions that Khrushchev tossed at him. Their relationship developed to such a boiling point that Khrushchev said that if the United States continued to support the uprising in Cuba just because they were communists, then the Soviet Union would take action against the United States. This strenuous relationship proved to be explosive, a huge development in the Cold War, and a turning point for U.S. – U.S.S.R. relations.
 * NASA
 * John F. Kennedy and Nikita Krushchev

United States of America. Department of the State. __Kennedy-Khrushchev Exchanges__. Comp. Department of the State. 20 Jan. 2001. United States Government. 11 Mar. 2009 [].

"China's Cultural Revolution: A Brief Overview." __Images of Daily Life in China during the Cultural Revolution__. Ed. William A. Joseph. 8 Aug. 2003. 11 Mar. 2009 . Blunden, Andy. "The Sino-Soviet Split." __Stalinism__. 1993. 11 Mar. 2009 . The Peace Corps. "Decades of Service." __Peace Corps__. 27 Sept. 2008. 11 Mar. 2009 . "U2 Crisis." __Spartacus Educational__. 11 Mar. 2009 .
 * Ratna's Identifications**
 * __China's Cultural Revolution__, which lasted from 1966 to 1976 was an effort led by the chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), Mao Zedong, to steer the country away from capitalism and back to socialism. The Revolution took place in three main phases: the mass phase, the military phase, and the succession phase. The mass phase occurred when more than 20 million high school and college students, known as the Red Guards, were called to effect a revolution and the phase resulted in the deposition of many of Mao's rivals. The military phase took place when the People's Liberation Army replaced the Red Guards as the instruments of the Revolution. The succession phase was marked by debate over whether to condone or to condemn the actions of the Revolution and ended with the arrest of a group of radicals (of which Mao's widow was a member) known as the Gang of Four. Mao conducted the Revolution because he felt that the CCP was becoming exceedingly bureaucratic and that government officials and intellectuals had become separated from the rest of society, because of the economic inequalities he had observed in China, and because of the "ideological degeneration of society as a whole" he perceived (Joseph). He also sensed a shift from socialism to capitalism in the Soviet Union and wished to avoid such a change in China. The significance of the Revolution can be seen through the manner in which its ideals have been spurned since its conclusion and through the aversion to democracy exhibited by its leaders even today.
 * The __Sino-Soviet Split__ was a slow deterioration in the political relationship between China and the Soviet Union, which stemmed from a variety of factors, ranging from minute to enormous, such as Soviet apprehension of China's domestic politics and China's disapproval of Soviet compliance with American demands. The split was finally made ostensible, after having been indirect for about four years, through hostile interactions between Mao Zedong and Nikita Khrushchev such as that in June of 1960 at the congress of the Romanian Communist Party, where both leaders openly spurned the other's outlook and policy. The split was further shown by Russia's dislike of the Chinese Cultural Revolution, a view shared by the United States. This rift between two major world powers further heightened the global tension felt during the Cold War.
 * The __Peace Corps__ was proposed in an ex tempore speech made by John F. Kennedy on October 14, 1960 at the University of Michigan. The goal of the organization was to "help the peoples of [developing] countries and areas in meeting their needs for trained manpower, particularly in meeting the basic needs of those living in the poorest areas of such countries, and to help promote a better understanding of the American people on the part of the peoples served and a better understanding of other peoples on the part of the American people" (Peace Corps). By the end of 1963, 7,300 volunteers were in the field, serving in 44 countries. More than half of the volunteers worked in education, one-fourth in community development, and the remainder in agriculture, healthcare, and public works. In April of 1964, the Peace Corps Partnership Program was started to provide a link between United States contributors and requests for project assistance from the overseas communities in which Peace Corps Volunteers served. This organization displayed the effort made by the United States to better the socioeconomic status of those residing in developing countries.
 * The __U-2 Crisis of 1960__ was caused by the development of the U-2 spy plane, a "glider with a jet engine" that was "so light it could fly at an altitude of 70,000 feet and travel over 4,000 miles" (Walker). The plane was designed by Kelly Johnson, developed and operated by Richard Bisell, and commisioned by Frank Wisner of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). On July 4, 1956, President Dwight David Eisenhower gave permission for the plane to be flown over Moscow and Leningrad: the information Eisenhower received from Bisell based on the transmissions of the plane's cameras revealed to Eisenhower that the Soviet Union actually possessed far fewer bombers and missiles than Khrushchev had revealed, which allowed the United States to focus less resources upon defense spending. Unaware of this plane, Khrushchev agreed to meet with Eisenhower on May 16th, 1960 in Paris, France. But on May 1, 1960, a U-2 was spotted flying about the Soviet Union and was shot down. Its pilotwas taken prisoner and Khrushchev "demanded a[n]...apology from the United States government" (Walker). Eisenhower denied ever having given permission for the flights, but maintained that the United States reserved the right to know about Soviet military strength in order to organize defense resources. When he rejected this request for an apology, as well as another made on May 15, Khrushchev left Paris and the meeting could not take place, leading to further tensions between these two world powers.