Spring+Exam+Review+Wiki


a. the first phase of the Cold War ...tension brews... b. atomic weapons are created c. conflict in the Middle East (wars in 1948, 1956, 1967, 1973) d. African nationalism e. Indian Independence f. China becomes Communist g. Korean War (1950-1953) h. Vietnam War (1954-1975)
 * user:Ratna CAUSE AND EFFECT: World War II led to...**
 * containment
 * Germany is divided: ideological battle of communism vs. capitalism
 * NATO and the Warsaw Pact are formed as defensive alliances
 * the Berlin Airlift takes place
 * the Berlin Wall is built
 * Palestine and Israel (anomaly in self-determination because creation of Jewish state was decided by UN)
 * Egypt is an outlier because Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal
 * Algeria has a civil war; the colons leave and cause a power vacuum
 * African National Congress formed
 * most countries become independent in the late 50s and early 60s because the Europeans cannot contradict their support of self-determination
 * Nkrumah leads the struggle for pan-Africanism; not cooperative enough - unsuccessful
 * Indian National Congress
 * led by Gandhi and Nehru
 * able to develop economies once independent
 * Chiang Kai-Shek introduces communism
 * Mao Zedong enforces communism - Chinese Cultural Revolution
 * Mao Zedong helps the Soviets in Korea and Vietnam
 * Korea seeks independence once Japan (former colonizer) is rebuilding
 * Soviet Union and Kim Il Sung in the north
 * United States and Syngman Rhee in the south
 * Soviet Union and Ho Chi Minh in the north
 * United States and Ngo Dinh Diem in the south
 * North Vietnam conquers Saigon, capital of South - North victory!

**__ Isms __** **Anti-colonialism** user:FHSHistory10 This is the movement against the European colonial powers after World War II. Nationalism movements in former British, French, German, Italian and American Empires desired independence and self-determination. Examples of anti-colonist leaders would be Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam or Tshombe and Lumumba in the Congo (formerly Zaire). Anti-colonialism is important because it shows the global effect of self- determination. It also led to violent changes in power in African nations and sometimes caused power struggles that left citizens of those countries in dire straits. **Fascism**: A political ideology that puts a nation above the needs of one person, which is usually seen in an autocratic government. This is led by a dictator, who forcibly removes rivals and opposing political parties. Fascism was present in mostly Italy prior to World War II. **Isolationism:** user:cfield1 This was a foreign policy that the United States used during and after WWI. They did not want to be involved in foreign affairs and instead focused the government’s actions toward domestic issues. This was practiced during WWI when the Americans avoided the war at all costs but were finally involved after the Sinking of the Lusitania, the Zimmerman Telegram, and the fear of losing money from loans. They also rejected the Treaty of Versailles with the 14 points because of this policy. During the Cold War, America did involve itself in foreign affairs, especially because they were trying to stop the spread of Communism. Also, by fighting in the Korean and Vietnam war, America directly involved itself in foreign affairs.  **Socialism:** user:TLewris Socialism is a type of government that promotes collective ownership and administration of means of production and distribution of goods, and a society characterized for the equality of all individuals. Modern Socialism originated in the 19th century with the working class political movement that criticized the effects of industrialization and private ownership on a society. Karl Marx believed that socialism would be achieved through class struggle and the differences between social classes. **Neo-Colonialism** describes the ongoing cultural and economic influence of ex-colonial powers in their former colonies.
 * Anti-Semitism** is a term to describe hatred and hostility toward the religion, culture, and ethnicity of Jewish peoples. The most disturbing manifestation of this hatred was seen during the Holocaust conducted by Adolf Hitler in Nazi Germany. user:Ratna
 * Communism**: equal distribution of wealth in a nation; played a significant role in the Cold War in 1945; the Soviet Union tried to spread communism throughout the world, and the United States tried to contain it and spread democratic governments. [Emma McGillis]
 * Imperialism:** user:fhsAnniet Idea in which countries explore with the goal of gaining more land around the world. The strong and powerful European nations go to places such as Asia and Africa and take over different regions. Some of these regions were already inhabited, and that is when imperialism led to some bad things. The Europeans thought that they were superior because they were white, this is known as white supremacy. The main reason for European nations to want to gain land is because of the natural resources and markets where they could sell their goods. European countries were expanding greatly and were in need of more resources to keep up with their growing economies, as well as markets to sell the finished products of their labor.
 * Islamic Fundamentalism** was an orthodox, conservative reversion back to very strict interpretations of the Quran seen in many Arab countries, as a response to the westernization of customs and the modernization of economies which they perceived in their states. This created internal divisions between the conservative monarchies and moderate western-style democracies. user:Ratna
 * Marxism:** Created by Karl Marx in the 1800s, it was a concept or way of viewing the world and society based on the ideas of communism. Because Marx wanted to change in society and get rid of the division of society. [Amr El-Ansary]
 * Maoism** is a branch of Marxism developed by and named after Mao Zedong, who was the chairman of the Communist Party of China from 1943 to 1975. user:Ratna **Pan-Germanism** refers to a nationalist movement that wished to unite all German-speaking nations. Its goals were manifested through Hitler's wish to create a "pure Aryan race." user:Ratna
 * Pan-Slavism**, used as a political tool by the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union, was a nationalist movement to unite all Slavic peoples, especially those governed by Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire. user:Ratna
 * Secularism** is the assertion that governmental practices or institutions should exist separately from religion. The Sunni Muslims believed in this separation of "church" and state, where as the conservative Shia Muslims believed that religious and political leaders should be one and the same. user:Ratna
 * Social Darwinism**: user:fhsAnniet Social Darwinism came from charlie Darwin's idea of "survival of the fittest". Darwin originally used this idea referring to animals, reporting that only the strongest species will survive and the smaller ones will be destroyed. But this was later applied to human behavior. Social Darwinism was started by Herbert Spencer and used to promote the belief that it is only natural that stronger nations should subjugate weaker ones.
 * Stalinism** refers to the Soviet Union's political structure during the rule of Joseph Stalin. This model borrows heavily from the ideas of Marx and Lenin. user:Ratna
 * Totalitarianism** - user:fhsAnniet A government type that has complete control over the people. This control includes all forms of media (newspaper, books, radio, etc), economy, the citizens private and public life. Totalitarianism is known as the "umbrella" because many specific government and economy types fall under totalitarianism. Communism and fascism are both forms of totalitarianism.
 * Zionism:** The international Jewish political movement that supported the reestablishment of their homeland in Palestine. Once Israel was created, this was quickly known as the Jewish homeland. Zionism is largely based on the concepts of historical ties between the land of Israel and the creation of Judaism in this area. Zionism continued to grown rapidly among Europe. After the Holocaust, it then became the dominant power among the Jewish political movements.
 * Pacifism** is an opposition to war and violence. Pacifist tend to try to avert global conflicts. user:Ratna
 * Pan-Africanism** was a movement, spearheaded by Nkrumah, that called for a politically-united African nation. user:Ratna

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**Ayatollah Khomeini** led Shia extremists aligned with liberals to overthrow US-protected shah Reza Pahlavi, who ruled in a corrupt and repressive fashion. These Iranians rejected Western presence in the Middle East. user:Ratna=====

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**Batista, Fulgencio ** user:FHSHistory10Batista was the leader in Cuba in the 1950s. Fidel Castro and Che led Cuban nationalists to overthrow Batista's US friendly regime in the early 1950s. This was important given the proximity of Cuba to the US (90 miles from Florida), the loss of a US friendly regime in the Cold War, and the perceived threat that Batista's enemy, **Fidel Castro **, posed. Castro was a proponent of Marxist socialist philosophy. While he initially sought help from the US, he quickly turned to the Soviet Union for aid and protection. Castro was not only the leader of Cuba but also a long time proponent of Marxist Revolution in Latin America. The US and Cuba clashed in the Cuban Missile Crisis (see later entry).=====  **Brezhnev, Leonid** was a leader of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and asserted that the Soviet Union retained the right to interfere in political matters on behalf of her satellites. user:Ratna <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Hitler, Adolf**: <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> user:Ratna established and built up the National Socialist German Workers' (Nazi) Party, which, while unsuccessful at first, gained popularity as the German people became increasingly disheartened by the Great Depression and the Treaty of Versailles. Hitler attempted to "socially cleanse" Germany of Jews, Gypsies, Czechs, Slovaks, and the physically and mentally disabled, by means of the Holocaust (from the Greek //holokauston// "burnt whole"). He intended to create a superior Aryan race and placed the aforementioned peoples in concentration camps as his "Final Solution" to the "Jew Problem." <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">**Ho Chi Minh**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> was a communist who founded the French Communist Party. He lived in many places including Vietnam, England, Paris and then China. He was born in 1890 and was VERY involved in the Vietnam Revolutionary League. He and some of his friends decided to create the Vietminh after Vietnam was invaded. The Vietminh was a military force that operated with help from the Soviet Union. The Vietminh were trying to protect Vietnam from the French. (COURTNEY) <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> **Khrushchev, Nikita:** A communist leader in the Soviet Union who came to power in 1953. <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Khrushchev is important because he led the Soviet Union through the Cold War. He was the opposition of the United States in the Space Race and the Arms Race. He was a prime leader in the spread of communism throughout the world.
 * Chamberlain, Neville** was a conservative British politician who believed in appeasement, signed the Munich agreement allowing Germany to seize Sudetenland, and followed a policy of containment. user:Ratna
 * Chiang Kai-Shek**: <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">From 1928 until 1948, as Chairman of the National Military Council of the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China, he led China until the Nationalist Government’s power began to severely weaken in 1945, during which his attempt to destroy the uprising Chinese communists failed. Then the KMT (Nationalist) Government retreated to Taiwan. He brought the first ideas to China about Communism, which he then realized was a bad idea so he tried to eliminate the communist group in 1934 but the group came back together and eventually began their marches and campaigns to get China to become a Communist nation. **user:fhsemilyh**
 * Churchill, Winston** was the prime minister of the United Kingdom during WWII, delivering a speech about the iron curtain that had descended between the West and the Soviet Union. user:Ratna
 * Eisenhower, Dwight** was the 34th president of the United States and the first supreme commander of NATO. user:Ratna
 * de Klerk** user:FHSHistory10 South African President F.W. de Klerk worked to bring about as peaceful a change as possible in the struggle against apartheid. de Klerk, much like Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to ease restrictions forcing oppression in his country. de Klerk changed apartheid restrictions, released Nelson Mandela from prison in 1990, removed the ban on political groups and began talks with the ANC. In attempting to work together, both de Klerk and Mandela faced factions from their two sides that did not agree with the path of change.
 * Gandhi, Mohandas** user:Ratna was an Indian activist for political and social rights in India, who developed the practice of Satyagraha (devotion to truth). His demonstration against the Rowlatt Acts resulted in the Amritsar Massacre on April 13, 1919. He worked to improve relations between Hindus and Muslims. In 1930, he led a symbolic Salt March to display to the government the fact that the tax on salt was unreasonable. He was made president of the Indian National Congress, and gave the post to Jawaharlal Nehru when he resigned (other).
 * Gorbachev, Mikhail** was the last General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. His conferences with US president Ronald Reagan helped bring about the end of the Cold War and led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union. user:Ratna
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">J ohnson, Lyndon B.** was the 36th president of the United States. user:Ratna
 * Kennedy, John F.** was president during the Bay of Pigs Invasion (during which the United States trained Cuban exiles who created the United Revolutionary Front and invaded Cuba, most getting killed) and the Cuban Missile Crisis (during which the United States blockaded Cuba because the Soviet Union had supplied them with missiles in ships, while the United States also sent missiles to Turkey). user:Ratna
 * Kerensky, Alexander** served as the second prime minister of the Russian Provisional Government until Vladimir Lenin was elected. user:Ratna
 * Kim Il Sung** was the leader of the North Koreans during the Korean War. user:Ratna
 * Kim Jong Il** is the current leader of North Korea. user:Ratna
 * Lenin, Vladimir** was a Russian revolutionary, Bolshevik leader, and communist leader. He was the first leader of the Soviet Union and contributed heavily to Marxist theory. user:Ratna
 * Mandela, Nelson** user:Ratna won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 for his efforts to end apartheid in South Africa. Unlike Gandhi, he was not afraid of using violent measures to obtain his political goals. Nor was he willing to consider changing his views in exchange for exemption from his charge for plotting to overthrow the government by violence: imprisonment for life. He became the face of the South African struggle for freedom and was elected president of the African National Congress after he was released from prison in 1990 (other).
 * Mao Zedong** led the Communist Party of China. He conducted the Chinese Cultural Revolution when he perceived a tendency toward westernization in the peoples of China. user:Ratna
 * Marx, Karl** was the creator of Marxism, a branch of communism. He believed that governments always turn corrupt because of the political leaders. He believed that if the common people ruled the government, and everyone is equal, there would be no more problems. He had a plan to turn a country into Marxism. First, the lower class would have to rebel and get rid of the government in place. Then there must be equality in the classes. Then a monarch would take control only long enough until the country is ready to be self run. Then the people would get rid of the monarch and rule it themselves. Everyone would be equal and everyone will get enough supplies to live by. user:evanmanning
 * McCarthy, Joseph**<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';"> user:cfield1 He was a United States republican politician who was a Wisconsin Senator from 1947-1957. He was extremely against communism and made his feelings known by publicizing the fact that there were many Communists and Soviet spies in America. The term McCarthyism was coined after him and it became a synonym for defamation without proof. He also furthered Americans fear of communism and Soviet attacks. McCarthyism was the basis for the HUAC (House on Unamerican Activities Committee), which accused and imprisoned many people of supporting Communism during the Cold War.
 * Mussolini, Benito**: An italian dictator who rose to power pre WWII. He instituted a fascist government within Italy, and wanted to remake the Italian empire. He formed an alliance with Hitler, resulting in Italy joing the axis powers. Mussolini was then executed, by the people of Italy in the days leading to the end of the war. [Bianca Scobie]
 * Nasser, Gamal**: user:FHSKatieD He was the Egyptian President and Prime Minister. He played an important role in the Suez Crisis in 1956. He was the president in Egypt from 1956-1970, but prime minister from 1954-56. Nasser helped Egypt break from it's economic hardships and emerge as a thriving nation in the world. Nasser wanted to receive financial aid from the Western countries in order to restore and improve the Aswan Dam, but the US didn't agree to help him, so he revolted and nationalized the Suez Canal. Nasser held his ground in the Suez Canal, and eventually Great Britain, France, and Israel withdrew. Nasser was important, because he changed the atmosphere in Egypt showing that a developing nation could defeat several developed nations.
 * Nixon, Richard** was the author of the Nixon Doctrine, which introduced Vietnamization and promised that the United States would remain uninvolved in Asian affairs. user:Ratna
 * Orwell, George**: (TLewris) 1903-1950 An English author who wrote mostly about his opposition to totalitarianism and his strong belief of democratic socialism. His most famous works consist of the Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four. George Orwell died in 1950 from tuberculosis, which affected the last three years of his life. He has a strong belief in democratic socialism and that everyone should have a say in which type of government they prefer and that everyone should have the equal right of progressing in society.
 * Rasputin, Gregory**: <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">Self-proclaimed holy man notorious for his lustful appetites, but his closeness with the royal family hurt his reputation. Alexandra believed that he was able to heal her only son, Alexei, from hemophelia. Rasputin was heavily poisoned, shot several times, kicked and beaten, then finally tied up and pushed through a hole in the icy Neva River where he died on December 30, 1916. However, his death did not restore popular confidence in the government. [Emma McGillis]
 * Reagan, Ronald** was the 40th president of the United States, who negotiated with Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev through a series of five meetings to create the INF and improve the relationship between the US and the Soviet Union. He authored the Reagan Doctrine, which advocated for the roll back theory to extinguish communism. user:Ratna
 * Roosevelt, Franklin**: Roosevelt was president of the United States towards the end of WWII. Roosevelt helped get the U.S. out of the Great Depression by creating the New Deal. Roosevelt pretty much saved the U.S. economy. He also attended the Atlantic Charter in 1941, representing the US. He went to the Yalta conference along with Churchill and Stalin, and helped shape the world after WWII. He supported western democracy. He represented the United States at the Potsdam conference and allowed Stalin to walk all over him [Annie Tribone]
 * Sadat, Anwar:** The Egyptian President following Nasser from 197-1981. H<span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">e was involved in the Israel war and was vice president before he was elected president. He also won a noble peace prize. [Amr El-Ansary]
 * Stalin, Joseph** was a totalitarian leader who significantly improved the Soviet economy with a series of five-year plans. He was successful but at the cost of human lives (sending many citizens to industrial work camps known as gulags) and the agricultural sector. user:Ratna
 * Sun Yat-Sen:** Sun Yat-Sen did not promote Marxism in China, but did look to the communist side (Soviet Union). Sun Yat-Sen was a strong supporter of Western Civilizations and he was disappointed in China. He started to revolutionize China and change their old ways. He came up with the program Three People’s Principles; which began with nationalizing China and overthrowing the Manchu dynasty, and then create a democracy, and then converts China to socialism and land revolutions. He began the National People’s Party (KMT), and in 1906 to 1911 he tried to overthrow the Manchu dynasty. They eventually overthrew the Manchu dynasty, and Sun Yat-Sen was elected the temporary president of the Chinese Republic. In 1912, Sun became the first elected president, but he gave up his position to Yuan Shih-k’ai, because he promised to support the Chinese Republic. Sun Yat-Sen dies in 1925, and Chiang Kai-Shek becomes his successor. [Katie Dunn]
 * Truman, Harry** represented the United States at the Potsdam conference, refusing to share United States nuclear secrets with Stalin. This caused tension between the two powers. He authored the Truman Doctrine, which was the first example of containment in history. user:Ratna
 * Wilson,Woodrow** was the president of the United States during World War I. He delivered the Fourteen Points speech and advocated for the creation of the League of Nations. user:Ratna

<span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Timeline: Hitler's Rise to Power <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Times New Roman;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 1933: Declares himself Chancellor 1934: Hindenburg dies, Hitler declares himself the Dictator 1934: Takes over Austria 1936: Places troops in the Rhineland which borders France (French don’t do anything) 1938: Takes over Sudetenland (part of Czechoslovakia) (Lack of reaction from French and Czechs) 1938: Takes all over Czechoslovakia (British mobilize for war then want to meet in Munich: Munich Conference) 1938: British tell Hitler that if he invades Poland they’ll go to war Sept. 1939: Germany invades Poland; Britain and France declare war on Germany (Beginning of war for Europeans) 1940: Germany invades Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, and France 1941: Invades Soviets

1945: The British encourage the creation of the Arab League. 1948: The Arab world lost the first Arab-Israeli war. The Egyptians blamed the corrupt monarchy of King Faruk for the loss of Palenstine and the Israeli military victory. 1950s: Nasser moved toward a stance of positive neutralism and improved relations with the Eastern bloc and China; as a result, the United States and its Western allies became increasingly hostile to his regime. 1952: A determined group of army officers ousted King Faruk in an almost bloodless coup d’etat. After 1952: The Arab world was divided by rivalries between the conservative, generally promonarchy forces and the so-called revolutionary forces. 1956: The second Arab-Israeli war resulted in another Israeli military victory but again failed to achieve a peace settlement. After 1956: Pro-Western Arab governments, particularly the conservative monarchies, were severely threatened by pro-Nasser forces. 1958: Revolutionary activity in the region reached its peak. 1958: The U.S. Marines intervene in a civil war in Lebanon, acting under the proviso of the Eisenhower Doctrine that the United States would intervene in support of governments fighting communism. 1960s and 1970s: When petroleum revenues became substantial, economic development surged dramatically, particularly in the petroleum-rich nations of Saudi Arabia and Libya and the sheikdoms of the Arab Persian Gulf. 1963: Military junta which had overthrown the conservative Hashimite monarchy in Iraq is ousted by an officer group from the Ba’ath Party, which espoused Arab unity and socialism. 1974: An attempted Greek coup d’etat and a Turkish armed invasion lead to the establishment of a so-called Green Line manned by UN forces, which divided Cyprus into Greek and Turkish sectors. 1975: The Lebanese civil war begins. It lasts for over 14 years. 1979: The Soviet Union moves into Afghanistan. The pro-United States ruler Mohammad Reza Shah is overthrown. The U.S. embassy in Iran is occupied. 1980: The Ba’athist government under Saddam Hussein moves to defuse the Islamic revolution and to settle old grievances by attacking Iran in September. 1981: Anwar el’-Sadat is assassinated. A complex agreement is reached between the United States and Iran and U.S. hostages are released. 1982: Israel launches a massive invasion of Lebanon and wins another military victory against the Arabs. 1988: The Iranian regime begins negotiations through the offices of the United Nations and an uneasy armistice is arranged. 1988 and 1989: The Soviets withdraw from Afghanistan. 1989: Imam Ruhollah Khomeini dies. 1990: Iraq invades Kuwait due to what they perceive as a lack of interest on the part of the U.S. 1991: A fragile peace is achieved in Lebanon. When Saddam Hussein refuses to withdraw Iraqi troops from Kuwait, the coalition forces, led by the United States, begin a massive monthlong aerial bombardment.
 * Timeline: Middle East** user:Ratna

<span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">**WWII Timeline** http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/ww2Timeline/start.html


 * US Relations with Arab world**

1917-1941: Russian revolution, want to spread communism, **Unfriendly** relations 1941-1945: WWII, allies work together to defeat Germany and Axis powers, **Cooperative** relations 1945-1970: Cold War, US attempting to **contain** communism spreading, **Hostile**, Brikmanship (always close to war, stressful), **diplomatic** (many decisions made diplomatically to avoid war) 1971-1979: **Detente, release of tensions** 1980-1985: **Strained** relations, brinkmanship (avoiding war with diplomatic moves), relief (beginning to see end of Cold War) 1985-1989/90: **Relief** (fall of berlin wall represents the end of communism and Cold war) 1990-present: no more Soviet Union (now Russia), Independent,
 * US Relations with Soviet Union** user:cfield1

1500’s- Zulu and Xhosa migrate to South Africa 1700’s- Afrikaners migrate with Dutch East India Company 1838- Battle of Blood River, Afrikaners defeat Zulus 1900- Boer Wars, British conquer Afrikaners 1910- Union of South Africa formed 1912- African National Congress formed to deal with Apartheid and rising racism 1934- South Africa becomes sovereign State within British Empire 1948- Afrikaners regain power through nationalist Party 1950- Population Registration Act- classifies people by race 1950- Group Areas Act- segregated areas in business and residential areas 1959- Land Acts- 87% land for white, 13% for natives 1960- ANC banned by government 1961- South Africa withdraws from British Commonwealth of Nations 1962- Nelson Mandela and others imprisoned for life 1984- New constitution approved- blacks excluded from representation 1985-1990- South Africa under state of emergency Mid 1980’s- Uniform ID still required for blacks 1987- SADF has over 100,000 active duty men, 400,000 whites in service 1988- US share of South African trade down from 17% to 7.5% (divestment) 1989-1990- Frederik de Klerk tries to move South African government to negotiate with ANC Feb 11, 1990- Nelson Mandela freed from prison 1990- Separate Amenities Act abolished (white and black movie theaters) 1991- All remaining Apartheid legislation abolished 1992- President de Klerk votes to negotiate new constitution with black population 1993- United Nations calls countries (US) to end economic sanction 1993- Nobel Peace Prize- Nelson Mandela and de Klerk 1994- Mandela is the first president in democratic election in South Africa 1995- TRC set up- Truth and Reconciliation Commission to provide hearings for human rights violations 1999- Mandela steps down, Thabo Mbeki is new president
 * Timeline of South Africa - Rise and Fall of Apartheid** user:cfield1

By the 1950s, there was no official racism in international governments, but South Africa became more racist with legislation.

<span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Other important concepts
<span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Times New Roman; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">**17th parallel** user:cfield1 This was the military demarcation line between North and South Vietnam. It separated the North and South of Vietnam. It was established in 1954 at the Geneva Conference. The North was controlled by Ho Chi Minh and was communist. The south was led by a democratic leader and they were helped by the Americans during the war. The city of Saigon lies south of the 17th parallel. <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Times New Roman;"> **Balfour Declaration** announced British approval and support of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. The British issued this mainly because they needed help against the Turks at the Battle of Gallipoli. user:Ratna Berlin Airlift**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">- this was sparked after the Berlin Blockade stared by the Soviet Union. They had cut off the route for ships to get through. The United States created a way to deliver good by American cargo planes. This lasted for 11 months. This embarrassed the Soviet Union because they had been outsmarted. The Soviet Union was completely unsuccessful with their plan to take over and control western Berlin. (COURTNEY) **Big four (1919**): This included Georges Clemenceau, Prime Minister of France; Vittorio Orlando, Prime Minister of Italy; David Lloyd George, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom; and Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States<span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">. They were key contributors to writing the Treaty of Versailles and establishing a post WWI world. [Bianca Scobie] Blitzkrieg**: (TLewris) A German word literally meaning "lighting warfare". This was named because it was a German military tactic where the Germans would hit enemies hard and fast with everything they had as if they were suddenly being struck by lightning. This tactic was very effective in that their opponents were usually unprepared. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> user:Ratna Nationalism, an excessive patriotism and pride in one’s country, was one primary long term cause of World War One. While this may be expressed through increased appreciation of one’s own nation, it often manifests itself as intense odium of other states. For example, Slavic nationalism triggered the Pan-Slavic movement, which in turn caused the emergence of a radical nationalistic group known as the Black Hand who desired the union of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia, which were two nations home to many people of Slavic heritage. Nationalism also caused a struggle to acclaim territory abroad, which is known as imperialism. Countries competing to assert their superiority while conquering lands across the world often vied for imperialistic holdings, perilizing European peace. For example, the British and the Dutch fought bitterly over control of South Africa, leaving behind bitter feelings when the land was won by Great Britain. Militarism was a major long term cause of the war. This tendency to regard military power as a nation’s chief priority often results in the misappropriation of resources by the government in efforts to fully develop the state’s military aspects, while overlooking domestic issues within the state. Highly apparent was the decision made by some European countries to conscript, or draft, large numbers of men into the army. For example, Russia’s standing numbers increased from 800,000 in 1910 to 1.2 million in 1914. Militarism is embodied by the arms race, or competition between countries to achieve superiority of military arms, that existed between European nations in the late 1800s and early 1900s. For example, when Great Britain invented the //Dreadnought// in 1906, Germany also scrambled to create a battleship armed with powerful guns. Rising militarism caused a dire snowball effect, for as one nation devoted increased attention to its army and navy, other nations, out of fear, felt as though they ought to do the same, leading to a highly hostile Europe. <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The complex alliances, or treaties between nations to cooperate and act as a team, made by European countries in the late 1800s and early 1900s also served as long term factors leading to the World War One. France and Germany had been strategically forming agreements with various powerful nations in Europe for many decades. For example, France had signed the Defensive Pact with Russia in 1894 as a way to dissuade Germany from attacking her, brokered the Anglo-Russian Entente between Great Britain and Russia in 1907 to ensure that her hopeful allies were on good terms, and finally became a member of the Triple Entente before the war erupted. At the same time, Germany, hoping to isolate France, was part of the neutrality alliance known as the League of Three Emperors with Russia and Austria-Hungary in 1873, the defensive Dual Alliance with Austria-Hungary in 1879, and eventually joined the Triple Alliance before the outbreak of war. These alliances caused Europe to become heavily divided, leading to the involvement of many countries in what appeared to be a conflict between only two European nations. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> The main //casus belli// that sparked the terrible war was the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Serbian nationalist group called the Black Hand, who desired that Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia be made into one nation. Dragutin Dimitrijevic, the head of the Black Hand, had instructed Princip to assassinate the Archduke and proceed to commit suicide by cyanide. Princip and a group of his friends shot the Archduke and his wife in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914, a day on which the Archduke was to inspect army exercises outside Sarajevo. They attempted first to explode his car using a bomb, but were unsuccessful, as they destroyed the incorrect vehicle. They then stopped to rest at a pub, and the car holding the Archduke and his wife drove by just as they were departing, allowing them to shoot the heir to the Austrio-Hungarian throne and his wife. This assassination caused Austria-Hungary, backed by the Triple Alliance, to declare war on Serbia, who had contributed weapons and money to the Black Hand. Russia also began to mobilize its troops in order to defend Serbia, engaging the Triple Entente in the conflict which is now known as the Great War. (book+notes ) <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> **Camp David Accords**: Peace treaty between Egypt and Israel in the spring of 1979. This settlement provided a full peace between the two nations and a gradual return of the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt. IT did not, however, address the issue of Palestinian self-determination or the Israeli occupation of the occupied territories such as the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. The treaty also did not address the status of Jerusalem. Camp David was opposed by the rest of the Arab world, especially the Palestinians. They refused to recognize Israel until Palestinian demands for a homeland were met. Israel refused to negotiate with PLO (the Israeli considered it a terrorist organization). Arabs considered Sadat personally responsible for the treaty and the failure to secure the national rights of the Palestinians. The Camp David Accord led to Sadat’s assassination in 1981. [Emma McGillis] CIA and KGB:** <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Both the CIA and KGB were organizations who help the country that they were working for with security and information. The CIA was the American version of the Soviet KGB. The <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">CIA was created in 1947 and is still working today. The KGB was created in 1954 and was destroyed when the Soviet Union fell in 1991. <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Both the CIA and KGB gave their countries valuable information about politics, to foreign economies to secret information about enemy countries. They worked both nationally and internationally. [Evan Manning] <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> **Carter Doctrine**: <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Announced by President Jimmy Carter on January 24, 1980, this doctrine extended the containment policy to the Persian Gulf area and South America. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 128); line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">He declared that any sort of effort to take over this area from the United States would easily be regarded as an attack on the United States and that military action or force would be taken immediately. Such harsh claims were established from the United States President in order to protect the Middle East oil, especially from the Soviet Union. In addition to this, the doctrine was a response to the 1979 invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union. The United States would stop at nothing to prevent the Soviet Union from occupying the Persian. This was not just an act to protect the Middle East oil, but to tell the Soviet Union that they would not be able to do to the United States what they had just done to Afghanistan. <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> **Collectivization** is an organization of agricultural production in which the holdings of several farmers are run as a joint enterprise. user:Ratna <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> **Containmen**t <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128);"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">: A policy <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">intended to avert and counter the uprising of communism across the globe, but specifically the Soviet Union, by means of diplomacy, politics, and economics. The United States created this policy in order to build peaceful relationships between the allied powers and the Soviet Union. **user:fhsemilyh** <span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Democracy** is a form government in which state-power is held by the majority of citizens within a country or a state. Citizens elect officials to represent their views and interest. user:Ratna <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> **Domino Theory**: This was a theroy that if one country in Europe fell to communism many countries in Europe would. [Courtney] Also, it was seen in Vietnam, partially why America was involved because if Vietnam fell to Communism then the surrounding nations would then falter and be communist countries as well. [Bianca Scobie] <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128);"><span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> **Entente Cordiale** is a series of agreements signed between the United Kingdom and France. This marked the end of a millennium of sporadic conflict between the two nations. user:Ratna Hiroshima**- Japanese city that was bombed at the end of World War II. This city is significant because it was destroyed by a United States atomic bomb and left a significant impact on the world. This bombing is ultimately what kept the Soviet Union and the United States from starting a violent war in the mid-late 1900s. [Emma McGillis] <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">**Locarno Treaties ‘25 Manchu Dynasty Marshall Plan** : <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Created by United States Secretary of State George E. Marshall in 1947, it was a financial assistance plan to help aid Europe’s struggling economy after WWII announced at the University of Harvard. It said that the European economy would not be fixed until first the German economy was rebuilt. The United States was determined to help solve the economic and financial problems caused by WWII, and assisted them in any means necessary. **user:fhsemilyh** NATO :** NATO, standing for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, was a military alliance of countries during and after WWII. These countries agreed that if one of them were to be attacked, then the rest would come to their aid. Later, in WWII, these nations took on the name the Allies because of this treaty organization. Even after WWII. These nations stayed together in order to preserve peace between them and help establish a commutative feel between the nations. The nations in NATO consisted of the United States, Canada, Iceland, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Great Britain, France, Portugal, and Italy. NATO’s supreme commander is always an American general and the U.S. dominated military control in NATO. [Jordan Pasternak] <span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(0, 0, 128); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Propaganda :** The spreading of information, ideas, opinions, or rumors about a certain cause in order to either help or injure a country or purpose. The entire Cold War was fought through propaganda and the change of momentum between the USSR, the US, and their allies. The United States would use propaganda to raise the spirit and influence citizens to either join World War II or help the cause.v [Tyler Lewris] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Space Race :** user:cfield1 <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">The Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States became a competition in many ways. But not only were they competing to see which government ideology (Totalitarianism or Democracy) would reign supreme, they were competing in other ways as well. The Space race began in 1957 and lasted almost twenty years until 1975After the Soviet launch of Sputnik 1 on October 4th, 1957, this new race for space exploration began. Sputnik was the world’s first artificial satellite and it orbited the Earth in 98 minutes This successful launch caught America off guard because they now lived in fear of nuclear missiles and it led directly to the formation of NASA. Each country fought to make the most advancement in space and reach past Earth’s atmosphere. The new information gained through space and satellite equipment not only allowed for greater scientific knowledge, but also the ability to spy on the other country. This arms race helped for the advancements and became a weapon in the war. Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins take the first human steps on the moon on July 20th, 1969. Apollo 11 was the first manned mission to land on the moon and it marked the first steps by a human on land other than Earth’s. It launched from Cape Kennedy on July 16th, 1969 and landed on the moon four days later. It marked the end of the Space race between the Soviets and America because America had reached the moon first. This paved the way for many more explorations in space. <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Self-determination** : Self-determination is the idea in which a country's people may determine for themselves which type of government may rule them. They may also determine if they want a parent nation to rule over them. These parent nations were typically powerful Western or Eastern nations such as the Soviet Union or Britain. This idea was applied in the American tactics in WWII, saying that each country should not be forced to be Communist. But, hypocratically, the Americans forced democracy onto Communist nations. user:FHSJordanP Territorial changes after WWII** - After WWII, the layout of Europe changed dramatically. Germany, having no say in foreign relations after WWII, was divided up amongst the winners along with German territories. First off, the Germans lost all African territories and any other occupied land. Then, Germany itself was divided up into four sectors: one controlled by the U.S., one by France, one by Britain, and one by the Soviet Union. Then, within Germany, Berlin was divided up into the same sectors. But, the four sectors within Berlin eventually developed into an East and West dilemma. East belonging to the Soviet Union, West belonging to France, the U.S., and Britain. Poland and the other conquered nations regained their independence after WWII, but not without Soviet influences. user:FHSJordanP <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">**The Berlin Conference:** <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">in 1885 14 nations met to decide what to do with the Congo in Africa. No natives to the Congo were involved, the European nations decided what they were going to do. [Courtney Kockler] <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">**United Nations:** It was founded in 1945 with 51 nations and by 1980 had welcomed 100 new nations. It was created to replace the league of nations. It had six parts: the general assembly, the security council, the secretariat, the economic and social council, the trusteeship council, the international court of justice. [Courtney Kockler] <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">**White Man’s Burden**: user:FHSKatieD The White Man's Burden was an ideology driving imperialism that stated that it was the Westerners' duty to bring their "superior" cultural aspects to other developing countries. This is an example of cultural imperialism. It is significant because it it increased the race to imperialize other countries, because this idea was spreading and leader's of Western civilizations thought they needed to spread their customs throughout the world. The effects of cultural imperialism are still seen today. <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> **Yalta Conference**: <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin decided in 1943 that when they beat Germany, they would divide the nation into 4 zones. They also did it to re-establish the nations conquered and destroyed by Germany, but still needed the Soviet Union to help the United States defeat Japan. By dividing Germany, they would prevent the Germans from rising to power again and creating war. **user:fhsemilyh**
 * 38th parallel**: user:FHSKatieD The 38th Parallel is the famous dividing line in the Korean War in 1950s. The 38th Parallel split North and South Korea and their differing idealisms of communism/totalitarianism and capitalism/democracy. The Soviet Union supported North Korea, and the United States supported the South. After battling, two different countries within Korea were created on the 38th Parallel.
 * African Independence** http://africanhistory.about.com/od/eraindependence/l/bl-AtlasOfIndependence.htm
 * Apartheid**: user:amre the division of people based on their color in South Africa.
 * Appeasement** was a policy of avoiding war at all cost, which called for a diplomatic approach to solving problems. This policy emerged from the failure of the League of Nations [emma]
 * Arms Race**- An arms race is a race in which counties try to build as many weapons of any sort as fast as they can and in the greatest number. user:evanmanning
 * Autocracy** is a form of government in which the political power is held by a single, self-appointed ruler. user:Ratna
 * Balkans
 * Berlin Wall**: user:amre a wall made to separate East Berlin (the communist side domintated by the Soviets) and the West side (the capitalist side dominated by the United States).
 * Big Four (1945)
 * Bloody Sunday** was an incident in 1905 during which peaceful demonstrators marching a petition to Tsar Nicholas II were gunned down by the Imperial Guard. user:Ratna
 * Bolsheviks** ultimately became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. user:Ratna
 * Boxer Rebellion:** It was a rebellion in the early 1900s against British imperialists by the Chinese revolutionaries who wished to drive them out of China completely. It was a a rebellion against the imperialist country of Great Britian that was overtaking parts of China. The Boxers themselves were their own separate group from the Chinese government. They wanted to make China a free country in which no outside country could interfere. [Evan Manning]
 * Causes of WWI**
 * Brezhnev Doctrine**: <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">It is a Soviet Policy Doctrine. It declared that no nation was permitted to leave the Warsaw Pact and it was used in a way to end the incursions of Czechoslovakia in 1968, as well as the non- Warsaw Pact country of Afghanistan, in 1979. The Soviets had the right to define communism and socialism and this also started new treaties between the Soviet Union. [Bianca Scobie]
 * Brinkmanship** is the practice of pushing a dangerous situation to the verge of disaster in order to achieve the most advantageous outcome. It was prevalent during the Cold War. user:Ratna
 * Causes of WWII
 * Cartel** is an informal organization of producers that agree to coordinate prices and production. user:Ratna
 * Civil Rights Movement** was a worldwide political movement for equality before the law, occurring between approximately 1950 and 1980. user:Ratna
 * Détente**: <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 128); line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">This French term mean “release of tensions,” and was the major theme in the 1970’s, in the Cold War. It reduced the stress between the Soviet Union and the Americans [Bianca Scobie].
 * Dien Bien Phu:** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The battle of Dien Bien Phu was led by Ho Chi Minh. The first attack was made by the French on the Vietnamese on March 13, 1954. The Vietnamese beat the French but both suffered MAJOR losses. The living conditions during the battle were very rough and the battle was very long. The French were defeated on May 8, 1954 and it ended in an armistice. [Courtney Kockler]
 * Eisenhower Doctrine** : Under this, a country could request American economic assistance and/or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression from another state. user:Ratna
 * Five Year Plan(s)** were economic programs devised by Stalin to improve the economy of the Soviet Union. user:Ratna
 * GDP and GNP**: user:FHSKatieD GDP: Gross Domestic Product- sum of a countries goods and services within a countries borders; most economists use to measure a nations wealth, and it determines growth positively and negatively as well as the standard of living; GNP- Gross National Product- Total wealth produced in a nation, within borders AND the territory controlled (ex. British empire at turn of century in Southern Africa, India, Canada, etc.) used prior to WWII mostly, because after WWII most countries had self-determination and were giving up empires (more independence after WWII)
 * Gaza Strip**
 * Gulf of Tonkin Resolution**
 * Hague (1907,1945)
 * Hungarian Revolution :** It was an event in 1956. Nikita Khrushchev was the leader of a communist Soviet Union at the time. The Hungarians wanted to revolutionize the way their country operated. In the Hungarian Revolution, Hungary declared them as independent and applied to be allowed into the United Nations. The Soviet Union attacked Hungary, after much battling the resistance against the Hungarian revolt had been diminished. This showed change, because the Revolution in Hungary was the first time there was a really strong anti-Soviet uprising in Europe. The Soviets attacking Hungary was a direct effect to the Suez Crisis, because the world’s attention was drawn to this crisis, so the Soviets could get away with attacking Hungary. [Katie Dunn]
 * ICBM** - Standing for Intercontiental Ballistic Missile, these weapons were rather new developments during the Cold War Era. Having the ability to travel between contient within its range, these weapons could carry devastating nuclear warheads to any target within the target nation. This means that an enemy country could fire a nuclear missile at another nation's capital from a far distance. These weapons were used as scare tactics in the Cold War and were placed close to the USSR and USA by the respective country. Although no missiles were fired, the missiles effectively scared each nation in the Cold War. user:FHSJordanP
 * Iron Curtain Speech** <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">: It was a speech made by Winston Churchill on March 5, 1946, that warned the Allies that the border between the Western controlled nations and the Eastern controlled nations was very tight. He wanted to make peace with the Soviet Union to prevent future warfare. It warned the Allies that they needed to make peace with the USSR or a future war was going to happen. However, they did not listen to him, and he turned out to be right after all. **user:fhsemilyh**
 * Munich Conference
 * OPEC**, or the Organization of the Petroleum-Exporting Countries, is a cartel of twelve countries founded to unify and coordinate members' petroleum policies. user:Ratna
 * Paris Peace Conference** : <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">The winners of WWI came together in 1919 to dictate their terms to the defeated countries. Only the 27 victorious nations were present: Germany and the other Axis powers were not allowed to be there. Russia was not there either because the victors did not approve of the new Bolshevik government. The main leaders present were US President Woodrow Wilson, British PM David Lloyd George, and French PM Minister Georges Clemenceau. US president Woodrow Wilson presented idealistic principles, such as self-determination, and peace without annexations in his proposal of the 14 Points. user:cfield1
 * PLO** The Palestinian Liberation Organization, formed by the Arab League, led by Yasser Arafat, was the official representative body for the Palestinian people recognized by the United Nations. They fought to create a Palestinian state. They had a base in Jordan and created a state within a state, which angered the Jordanian government and angered King Hussein of Jordan, who expelled them in an event known as Black September. The PLO then moved to Lebanon and, in a series of wars with Israel, they were expelled from Lebanon in the 1982 Lebanon war. This led to the formation of Hezbollah, a terrorist organization sponsored by Iran that strives to destroy Israel. Yasser Arafat died in 2004, which ended the power of the PLO. user:Ratna
 * Suez Canal** was nationalized by President Gamal Nasser of Egypt, who wanted to build the Aswan Dam, but was not supported by the United States, Great Britain, or France. This action angered Great Britain and France, who attacked Egypt. Israel also attacked Egypt. The culmination of these attacks was known as the Suez Crisis. Egypt was allowed to retain control over the canal as long as she promised to allow all ships to pass. This was significant because it was the end of Great Britain's dominance as a world colonial power. user:Ratna
 * San Francisco Conference**: user:FHSKatieDThe San Francisco Conference was in 1945. It creates the foundation of the United Nations by making the charter and constitution. This was right at the end of World War II. It was 50 nations coming together and working diplomatically to solve problems. It created a system of general security.
 * SEATO :** SEATO, standing for Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, was an organization established by the United States. This organization’s goal was to support any anti-Communist nations in Asia but also to allow the US to build more air bases around the world. Overall, this system was a failure because Middle Eastern politics led to the collapse of this organization. [Jordan Pasternak]
 * Suez Crisis**- <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The Suez Canal caused the Suez Crisis which involved the US, Israel, Egypt, Britain, and France. They were trying to take over Egypt and the Suez Canal. It lasted from July 26- November 5, 1956. Egypt needed money to finance the Suez Canal and the US had agreed until July and that when the crisis stared. This is also when the British and the French and Israel (but the French and British did not know about Israel) started <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> to plan there attack. Because the US and Israel were allies when the US found out about the plans they told Israel to do nothing that might cause problems. But the British and the French kept going.
 * Territorial changes after WWI
 * The Tet Offensive** was when the Viet Minh launched a surprise attack on South Vietnam on a holiday called Tet, making significant advances into South Vietnam. However, the United States managed to push them back. This was significant because the United States had been spreading propaganda to lead their citizens to believe that they were winning easily, but this event showed the citizens otherwise. user:Ratna
 * The Atlantic Charter** : <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 128); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Created on August 14, 1941 by the United States and Great Britain, this charter stated certain policies that would be implemented to deal with the postwar destruction suffered by both the economies and governments of European Nations. It gave all European Nations the right to self determination, decide on their own form of government without interference from other nations. It was also created to ensure that all of Europe would be free from Nazi control and prevent future aggression from any single nation. **user:fhsemilyh**
 * Triple Alliance:** <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy. Was created to avoid France’s power. Germany did not want to be held back from enlarging its empire. [Courtney Kockler]
 * Triple Entente:** (Entente meaning an informal agreement.) Great Britain, France, Russia. Their goal was to limit Germany’s power. They believed they had formed a strong enough balance to Germany. [Courtney Kockler]
 * Tonkin Gulf Incident** was the event that began United States interference in Vietnam: the United States claim that a destroyer was "fired upon" and used this as an excuse to interfere in Vietnam, whereas they were actually trying to stop the spread of Communism. user:Ratna
 * Truman Doctrine**: <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 128); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">A speech given on March 12, 1947 by United States President Harry Truman, this plan requested $400 million to support and help Greece and Turkey fight against the Communist Soviet Union who had taken over their nations. This plan of containment was declared by the United States in an effort to stop the Soviet aggression in Europe. <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> **user:fhsemilyh**
 * Versailles Treaty** : Created during the Post-World War I era by the victorious Allied powers, i<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">t was the treaty created after World War I to make Germany take full responsibility for the war. <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">The Treaty of Versailles was important because it was the plan to make Germany pay for the war. The Treaty made Germany do things such as pay reparations to countries, demilitarize the Rhineland, and give up all of the land they gained during the war plus all of their African colonies. It can be pinpointed as a cause of German hostility toward the rest of Europe after the Great War [Sam Crummer]
 * Vietnamization**:<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> A policy, made by President Nixon, and plan to withdraw American troops from the Vietnam War. It was also to make the South Vietnamese take more responsibility for fighting the conflict, and the Americans would train the army to become better and more experienced. This was during the years of 1968- 1971. This was important because it marked the beginning of the end of US involvement in the Vietnam War. [Bianca Scobie]
 * The Vietnamese Declaration of Independence** was written by Ho Chi Minh and read to the United Nations, announcing Vietnam's desire for independence from France. user:Ratna
 * Warsaw Pact** : <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">The Pact was formed on May 4, 1955 between the Soviet Union, Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania. Created in the capital of Poland, Warsaw, it formed an organization of communist states in Central and Eastern Europe. It was created in response to the democratic Western Berlin joining NATO. The Soviet Union continued to compete with the Western States by creating a nearly identical organization to NATO to continue staying in power. **user:fhsemilyh**
 * Wilson’s Fourteen Points** was a speech that he delivered to Congress, in which he expressed his hopes for the world after World War I. user:Ratna  <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> See this link for the actual document: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/215178/Fourteen-Points