Cold+War+1970s

Cold War 1970s Détente Who: America, Russia and China What: French word the means “release of tensions”, Permanent relaxation in international affairs. Reduce the tensions between the Soviet Union and the US Where: Soviet Union and United States When: 1970s Why important: People were shocked of horror after the Vietnam War and scared about the use of nuclear weapons that countries had gotten their hands on. [] Vietnamization Who: President Richard Nixon, American Troops What: A policy and plan to withdraw American troops from the Vietnam War. It was also to make the South Vietnamese take more responsibility for fighting the conflict, and the Americans would train the army to become better and more experienced. Where: South Vietnam When: 1968- 1971 Why important: It was important because it marked the start of the end for the participation in Vietnam. [] []

War Powers Act (US) Who: American Congress What: Could also be known as the War Powers Resolution. It had ten sections which are: Short title, Purpose and Policy, Consultation, Reporting, Congressional Action, Congressional priority procedures for joint resolutions or bill, Congressional priority procedures for Concurrent Resolutions, Interpretations of joint resolution, Separability Clause and Effective date. All of the above controlled the President’s capability to obligate U.S forces in foreign countries. Where: America When: November 7, 1973 Why important: It restrained the Presidents power over the military, and tried to help the situations of being involved in less hostilities among other nations. []

Brezhnev Doctrine Who:  [|Leonid Brezhnev] What: It is a Soviet Policy Doctrine. It declared that no nation was permitted to leave the Warsaw Pact and it was used in a way to end the incursions of Czechoslovakia in 1968, as well as the non- Warsaw Pact country of Afghanistan, in 1979. Where: Czechoslovakia, Afghanistan, Soviet Union When: 1968, 1979 Why important: The soviets had the right to define what communism and socialism was and marked the beginning of new treaties being signed between the Soviet Union. [] []

Fall of Saigon Who: American Troops, Vietnam Troops What: In 1973 American troops were retreating from the Vietnam War. It was captured by the North Vietnamese army and the affair signifies the end of the Vietnam War and the start of reunification of the communist rule in Vietnam. It ended in 1975 with a cease fire. Where: Vietnam When: 1973- 1975 Why important: It stopped the US participation in the Vietnam War. __www.fallofsaigon.com__

End of Vietnam War Who: Henry Kissinger (National Security Advisor), Nixon, Le Duc Tho, President Thieu What: It was a secret peace agreement between Kissinger and Duc Tho. President Thieu received the agreement and was determined that he wanted to make changes to the document. After, the North Vietnamese published the fine points of the agreement and delayed the consultation. Nixon believed that he was being played and made fun of by Hanoi, so he planned the Bombing of Hanoi. After stressing the South Vietnamese to acknowledge the peace contract, Nixon proclaimed the conclusion of distasteful operations against North Vietnam. Where: North Vietnam, Hanoi When: October/ December 1972, January 15, 1973 Why important: It broke the peace treaty the two countries had, and showed the different side of the American leader. It also illustrated his protection of his own reputation. []

Nixon goes to China Who: President Nixon, Chinese Premier Chou En-Lai What: Nixon and Chou En- Lai agreed to develop cultural acquaintances between their two countries. Nixon also arranged procedures for a stable and permanent U.S trade mission in China. Where: America, China When: February 21, 1972 Why important: This event was important because opened our trade opportunities and widened our borders. []

__Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan __ ·  Who: USSR and Afghanistan ·  What: The USSR invaded the Afghanistan capital, Kabul, in 1979 ·  When: 1979-1982 ·  Where: Kabul, Afghanistan · <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> Why Important: It is important because the Russians new they wouldn’t win the war so they had to withdraw from Afghanistan to avoid a humiliating defeat. When the Russians invaded Afghanistan, they had three main goals. First, they wanted to become a greater power in Asia. Second, they wanted to save their failing communist government that only had support from its military. And third, they wanted to protect any interest they had in Afghanistan from Iran and Western nations.

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__<span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">Poland: John Paul II, Lech Walesa, and Solidarity __ __ John Paul II __ <span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">Who: <span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; msobidifontfamily: Times; msobidifontweight: bold;">Karol Józef Wojtyła aka “John Paul II” <span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; msobidifontfamily: Times; msobidifontweight: bold;">What: He was the Pope from October 16, 1978 until his death on April 2, 2005 <span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; msobidifontfamily: Times; msobidifontweight: bold;">When: October 16, 1978- April 2, 2005 <span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; msobidifontfamily: Times; msobidifontweight: bold;">Where: Rome <span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; msobidifontfamily: Times; msobidifontweight: bold;">Why Important: He was important because he was the Pope or the Bishop of Rome. He was elected during the Cold War. He held the position of Pope for 27 years. This is one of the longest pontificates in the history of the Church.

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__<span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">Lech Walesa __ <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">Who: Lech Walesa <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">What: He is seen as the leader of a wave of strikes throughout Poland in August 1978 <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">When: 1970-1981 was when he led all of the strikes <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">Where: Poland <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">Why Important: Walesa was able to negotiate with General Jaruzelski and was able to end the rule of martial law. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for what he had done. He was also elected Chairman of Solidarity’s Second National Congress. He has received honorary degrees from schools such as Harvard University and the University of Paris.

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__ Solidarity __ <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> Who: Countries everywhere <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> What: Solidarity was the first non-communist trade union in a communist country <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> When: 1980’s Solidarity Movement <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> Where: It started in Gdańsk, Poland <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> Why Important: Solidarity was basically an anti-communist social movement in a communist country. Lech Walesa started the movement in Gdańsk, Poland. He was a shipyard worker who, by starting one strike, caused a wave of them throughout Poland.

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__ Nixon Doctrine __ <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> Who: President Richard Nixon and Vietnam <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> What: The US’ plan to train the South Vietnamese and bring home the American troops. The doctrine had three major parts to it. First, the U.S. would respect all of its treaties and agreements. Second, the U.S. would provide cover if a nuclear power threatened an ally. And third, the U.S. would provide military and economic support to countries under treaties with the U.S. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> When: July 25, 1969 <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> Where: The plan was unveiled at a press conference in Rome. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> Why Important: It was Nixon’s attempt to get the Americans out of the war. The Nixon Doctrine and Vietnamization marked the end of the war for the U.S.

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__<span style="msotabcount: 1; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">OPEC __ <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> Who: 14 countries <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> What: OPEC’s goal is to co-ordinate and unify petroleum prices in its member countries so that it can secure fair petroleum prices for its producers. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> When: It was formed at the Baghdad Conference which was on the dates of September 10-14, 1960. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> Where: It was formed in Baghdad but countries all over the world can join it. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> Why Important: OPEC is important because its goal is to maintain fair petroleum prices for its member countries. It is basically a way to help maintain a part of the member countries economy.

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<span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">__Arab oil Embargo__ <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">Who: US and the Arabs <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">What: An oil embargo was placed on the Arabs. Because of this oil embargo, the U.S. economy really suffered and Nixon’s administration faced many foreign policy challenges. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">When: October 1973- March 1974 <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">Where: Middle East <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">Why Important: The second Arab oil embargo is important because it was a major threat for the U.S. economy. It also created major foreign policy problems for the U.S. government.

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