Review+for+Exam

==Here is a review page for the December Exam. Directions: Treat each item as a full identification. Give the who, what, when, where and why it's important. If you want to add to someone else's entry that's fine too. ~Ms. Sanderson  ==

Helpfull ways to answer Primary Sources question
B. Who wrote it?/ Who is the intended audience? C. What are details?/What in history does it relate to? D. Why was it written?/Why was it important? E. Where was it written? F. How does this fill in details of history? (Kendall)
 * 1) Read it
 * 2) Figure out words
 * 3) Read actively
 * 4) A. When?

__Cultural Imperialism__ (Nitin) Who used Cultural Imperialism: France, Great Britain. Mainly Europe. What is it: It is when a country goes into another country and forces its religion, values, and beliefs upon the controlled country. Where: India, Africa, China, and Australia When: late 1800s to early 1900s Why: Wanted to spread culture around the world. Also the country’s were good for raw materials. user:FHSHistory10Remember that cultural imperialism is an example of social darwinism. European governments and businesses took Darwin's theories of evolution and twisted those theories to justify their actions against politically weaker nations.
 * Chapters 1 and 2**


Aviation > used in WWI, improved technology, combat warfare (Kendall) Friedrich Nietzsche > user:FHSHistory10 Who: important philosopher at the turn of the century Where: Germany What: connected to the ideas of secularism at the turn of the century Why is this important: his approach to philosphy represents a radical change, much in the same way that Freud and Darwin represented radical change in their fields, best know for perspectivism and postmodernism (wikipedia) realist, racial superiority, philosophy - foundations (Kendall) Boxer Rebellion- A group against foreigners in China called the Boxers took over the place where the diplomats stayed. The soldiers wanted to live up to the Kaiser's expectations of the army.user:FHSHistory10Katie, you need to check this. Why is Germany involved in China? The Boxers wanted to preserve the traditional way of life in China and did not like the Western influence (socially or economically) in China. The Boxers were rebelling against unfair treaties being enforced by the government. The Boxer Rebellion is an example of nationalism. user:FHSKatieD Arms Race- the miliary competition between two or more countries. the countries would try to produce more weapons and better weapons than their opponent to try to defend them. user:FHSHistory10An example of this is the naval race between Germany and Britain. Britain created a new class of warships, The Dreadnought class, which was a bigger ship with more artillery and better hull protection. This spurred the Germans to create new warships as well. This is seen as a long term cause of World War One. The arms race also led to a rise in militarism. When the Bosnian Crisis occurred, the mentality of the political and military structures in European countries already supported the idea of testing out the new technologies. (notes) Who: countries of Europe What: new weapons sparked a competition between countries to have most advanced weapons When: 1890-1916 Where: Europe: Britain, Germany, North Sea, etc. Why/How: led to chemical engineering (poisonous gas); competition between German and British naval ships (think British ship Dreadnought) and weapons led to The Battle of Jutland (between Germany and Britain); also led to the increased size of nations’ armies; significant because it related to militarism and was a long term cause of World War I (notes) user:fhsemmam

Rudyard Kipling: user:cfield1 an english writer who was awarded the nobel prize for his writings, he is hailed as the "prophet of imperialism" with works like his poem "the white man's burden" which tells about the effect of imperialism on the people who are doing it and those they do it to...(book) Charles Darwin: think survival of the fittest (notes)  user:fhsemilyh Who: Socialist thinker What: Established the idea of “survival of the fittest” or natural selection. Wrote: //On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection// (1859) and //The Descent of Man// Where: Europe When: Late 19th Century Why: His idea of “survival of the fittest” was applied to society meaning that the stronger societies and governments would outlast the weaker ones eventually and people began to understand the societies of early humans. **Sigmund Freud:** **When: Late 19th century** **Who: Sigmund Freud** **What: He developed psychoanalysis, a method of probing the unconscious minds, frequently by analyzing dreams.** **Where: Europe** **Why: Psychoanalysis is significant because it led to many breakthroughs in mental sciences.

user:FHSamC**

Alfred Nobel > created dynamite, nobel peace prize (kendall)

Andrew Carnegie: user:FHSKatieD deals with iron and steel magnate ** Brink of War ** WHO- Britain and France WHAT- (example) Britain and France both wanted to build a transcontinental railroad across Africa. This led to the confrontation in Fashoda (in Sudan) known as the Fashoda crisis. If it weren’t for second thoughts by the French, war would have broken out. WHEN- 1898 WHERE- Africa WHY/SIGNIFICANCE- Many countries were very nationalistic, and were very quick to jump to fighting during the time (imperialism was going on)

Colonialism: the control or governing influence of a nation over a dependent country, territory, or people (Dictionary.com) <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 75%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Imperialism: process by which small number of industrial nations extend economic and political control over much of world, driving force in international relations (notes) <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 75%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Strategic Imperialism: the theory of colonizing areas in different parts of the world in specific locations to give a country a military, economic or tactical advantage in administering her colonies. An example of this is Great Britain conquering areas in the Pacific in order to have military and re-fueling bases and ports in order to administer her world wide empire. This is important because it led to Britain having a strong presence in her many colonies. user:FHSHistory10 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">user:amre Secularism: the separation of church and gorvernment. <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 75%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Conservatism: support of existing class distinctions, autocratic government, special economic privileges for upper classes, traditional practices and values (notes) <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 75%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Liberalism: desire to change society to obtain security and power for the individual; stresses freedoms and rights (notes) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 75%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Socialism: <span style="color: rgb(51,51,51);"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 75%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">advocating ownership of means of production and distribution in community (notes) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 75%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 75%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 75%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Marxism: historical or dialectical materialism in which productive forces determined economic relationships (notes) <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 75%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 75%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Anarchism: wish to destroy all governments and reconstruct social order without them (notes) <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 75%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 75%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Syndicalism: belief that trade union-led strike would paralyze and destroy government and unions would be basic organizing structures of society (notes) <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 75%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 75%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Nationalism: learned emotional loyalty to one’s ethnic or national group (notes) <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 75%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 75%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jingoism: extreme nationalism and willingness to use ships/men/money/resources for fighting (notes) <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 75%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 75%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Militarism: stressed that war was good because it developed morals important for development of humanity (notes) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Chapter 3** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Who: King Wilhelm II What: A speech to the German regata, inspired by nationalism and the desire to establish an empite. When: 1800's Why is it important?: it increased the nationalism in Germany and made the people of Germany want to colonize foreign nations.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">autocracy: The upper class consisted of weathly industrial and commercial entrepreneurs; the upper class dominated their nations; the autocracy could also be inherited user:FHSKatieD
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">alliances: military friendships when countries come together and agree to help one another in time of war
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Riechstag - German Parliament representing the German people. The Reichstag was often the voice of the people to the Kaiser, but held almost no influential power under Wilhelm II's power. Wilhelm strongly hated the idea of a legislative body of the people. So during WWI and before Wilhelm's __abdication__, the Reichstag held nearly no power in the German government user:FHSJordanP
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Duma: user:FHSKatieD representative body in Russia, like congress or Parliament. Tsar Nicholas II created the Duma after the Revolution of 1905 (Bloody Sunday). The Duma limits the Tsar's power, eventually Nicholas II got frustrated with the Duma and abolished it.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Parliament - <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">A Parliament is a legislative body of government representing the people and their interests. A Parliament’s power is often determined by the type of government in which it is situated and the leader by whom it is ruled. The British Parliament held a fair say in the matters of Britain because of British ideals and government type (constitutional monarchy: see below). The Russian Parliament was the Duma, and the German Parliament was the Reichstag. This idea of a fair, democratic society gave people hope and reason for revolution in WWI. user:FHSJordanP
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">laissez-faire - without government intervention (notes) Government does not control businesses- usually seen in capitalism
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">suffrage - the right to vote
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">constitutional monarchy - monarchy in which the powers of the ruler are restricted to those granted under the constitution and laws of the nation (Dictionary.com)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">indemnity - reparation
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">"Place in the Sun" speech
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Karl Marx: think scientific socialism (notes) user:FHSKatieD Karl Marx was a communist. He believed that capitalism was fundamentally flawed. Marx wanted to abolish social classes. He came up with the four stages of communism, 1. class conflict, 2. revolution, 3. working class allows dictatorship to emerge as a power to stabilize country, 4. no government will be needed. Marx presented new idealistic ideas that later affected Russia and other countries. Marxist ideas led to the Russian Revolution. He had a concept of equality among social classes. Lenin later picked up Marx's ideas. Marx wrote "Kapital" and "Communist Manifesto." Marx's ideas were good in theory, but simply unrealistic to get to the final stage.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Chapter 4, 5, and 6** user:tlewris Direct and Indirect Colonial Rule **Sphere of Influence**- A powerful nation secured exclusive economic privileges in an underdeveloped area. Example: France, Great Britain, Russia had control over trade in different parts of China. In addition, Britain, throughout the Opium War, forced China to accept opium **Concession**- an underdeveloped country granted specific economic privileges to foreign business interests. Example: build railroads, open mines, drill for oil. Berlin to Baghdad railroad **Protectorate**-the native ruler remains in power outwardly but the imperialist nation controlled affairs behind the scenes (Indirect Rule) Example: France advised Morocco **Colony**- a powerful nation formally took over and governed an underdeveloped area which became its colony (Direct Rule) Example: France took over Indo-China **Mandate and Trusteeship**: under international supervision Example: Post WWI victorious nations received areas from Turkey and Germany as Mandates -Britain received Palestine and Iraq -France received Lebanon and Syria Post WW2- UN Trusteeship Council Reasons: European countries wanted to be the best by colonizing countries (due to nationalism) Direct and Indirect Colonial Rule Who- France, U.S., Germany, Britain, Japan, Belgium What-spread culture, get more power, get more land When- Late 19th century Where- Africa Asia Why- changed culture of both the colonizers and the colonized

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**World War I**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">King Leopold II: King Leopold II took Congo; he didn't care about the people from Congo. He wanted Congo because the river in it made it more accessible to natural resources and the railroads. He wrote a letter to the minister talking about how important Congo is to Belgium. He also organized a commercial association to exploit the Congo Basin. He did this in the l ate 19th century in Belgium. King Leopold is significant to Belgium, because he aided the imperial race. He added to the exploitation of African countries. He realized the importance Congo had to the development of Belgium with the resources it held.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Berlin West African Conference: The conference was from 1884-1885. European nations decided on a "first come, first served" policy for the colonization of Africa. If a European country had territorial holdings in an African country it would be established as having the power. user:FHSKatieD
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">anti-colonialism: opposition to colonialism
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Suez Canal: user:FHSKatieD It was a British interest because it allowed quick passage to and from Europe and Asia. user:Ratna It was an extension of imperialism that provided more efficient trade routes. (test)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Boer War: user:FHSKatieD It was started in 1899 and it was a war between the two Boer republics and Britain.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Geography of Africa, Asia, Middle East and Latin America prior to World War I (imperial control)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">assimilation
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Opium Wars - wars between Britain and the chinese people. British imperialists were trying to smuggle opium into china, and china didn't want them to. Britain didn't listen to china and continued to bring it into china, so war broke out. (notes)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sun Yat-sen: He overthrew the old regime in China.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Meiji Restoration: "A group of young [Japanese] men, mostly samurai…overthrew the ineffective feudal government…and returned authority to the...emperor and his advisers. The event was…named after the young emperor who gained power as a result of the revolution…The emperor and his…advisers began a program of reforms based on what they perceive to be the best Western models…[this] made Japan the first Asian nation to commit itself to…[a] constitutional government." (book)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Russo-Japanese War
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">When:1905
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What: war broke out between Russia and Japan over Manchuria; Russia loses
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Why is the important? It was an unexpected development for Russia to lose to Japan; it highlighted the poor leadership of Nicholas II and the weakening power of the the tsar and of Russia in general user:FHSHistory10 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Campesinos: <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Spanish for “leaders;” d <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">ictator who ruled with support of powerful authorities such as church, army, foreign investors, //patrones;// c <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">aused by poverty and illiteracy: people needed something on which to rely; s <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">ystem was unstable, marked by violent changes in leadership (notes) user:Ratna
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Patrones: <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Spanish for “landlords/ patrons;" o <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">wned ranches, mines, plantations of various nations in Latin America; m <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">onopolized wealth, education, and other vital resources; m <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">ade it very difficult for lower strata to advance their position in society; a <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">spired to ideal of nobility: lofty personal morals, feigned parental concern for workers; v <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">ery few actually adhered to this standards: m <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">ost took advantage of laborers (notes) user:Ratna
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Caudillos: <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Spanish for “country people;” h <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">uge mass of workers in cities and countryside: comprised majority of population; w <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">orked year after year in hopes of eventually freedom; b <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">linded by tradition, ignorance, debt, fear of the unknown; b <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">onded labor: dependent on the land for survival; h <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">orrid working and living conditions; p <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">assive outlook: rarely rioted or rebelled (notes) user:Ratna
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Panama Canal: It was a canal that linked the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans. Roosevelt wanted to take this canal over.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">user:amre quinine: cure for malaria, used especially in the tropics, important to the building of the Panama Canal
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Spanish American War: user:FHSKatieD It was a war between the US congress, Cuba, and the Phillippines. The US won and gained power over the Caribbean. user:Ratna The war was vital in asserting America's authority over Latin America, proving that a relatively new country like the United States could, in fact, defeat a European country full of seasoned conquerors, such as Spain. This war set the stage for US domination of Latin America. (test)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Progressivism: user:FHSKatieD It was led by the middle class and improved sanitation and education while expanding the government's power. The era led to a reform in political structure by direct election of senetors and reducing corruption in office. Both the Republican and Democratic parties spread Progressivism.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Roosevelt Corollary: user:FHSKatieD The Roosevelt Corollary was important because Roosevelt established the US as this "police" force forcing European's to stop involvement in the Caribbean. This was significant because it let other countries know that the United States/Roosevelt was important and powerful, and you shouldn't mess with them. user:Ratna It also communicated the pugnacious greed expressed by the US for control over Latin America. (test)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">19th Amendment to the US Constitution: granted women and all other citizens the right to vote (notes). It was established in the 1920s. Susan B. Anthony and Alice Paul were two major women suffragists.

Terms Who? Germany on the offensive and France What? Dugouts for hundreds of miles Where? Western front When? At the battle of Verdun in 1916 Why? To protect themselves from their enemy and they thought they were hiding > <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Some examples of targeted resources include Human Resources (i.e. civilians and any persons benefiting the war effort, cf. War of Attrition: competition to kill as many people as possible), Industrial Resources (e.g. factories producing war goods), Agricultural Resources (e.g. farmland and food supply, cf. Russian scorched earth policy), Military Resources (e.g. military bases), Technological Resources (e.g. infrastructure), and Economic/Monetary Resources. (notes) > What: Propaganda was used to increase awareness and morale of both civilians and the military. > When: in WWI and increased used in the years beyond > Why so important?: It boosted everyone's morale and tried to depict the enemy as savages or evil people. It gave everyone a eagerness to keep on fighting. (notes) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> WHO- Allied powers meet at Treaty of Versailles (Britain, France, U.S.) WHAT- definition: when the fighting parties in a war agree to stop fighting. Example: Treaty of Versailles, the allied powers inform Germany of the terms that they had to obey in order for the fighting to stop. Germany agreed, and this ended WWII WHEN- November 11, 1918 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> WHERE-France WHY/SIGNIFICANCE- the treaty of Versailles was a very important event because it ended WWI. Many countries were very weak from many years of fighting, and the treaty of Versailles was an armistice upon which they all agreed in order to end the fighting.
 * <span style="color: rgb(230,117,15); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">stalemate user:cfield1 during WWI, in many of the battles neither side was able to win and they resulted in a stalemate. The whole Schlieffen plan revolved around capturing France's government in paris and their military arms. Germany attacked Verdun and the war was fought for a long time and many people died. In the end, though, both sides lost many men and neither side really won, although France won a moral victory for not allowing germnay to capture verdun. (notes)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">trench warfare: dugouts in the ground on flat land that troops hide in to be protected from the other side. the area between the trenches is called "no man's land."
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">attrition- a war strategy in which one side tries to wear down their opponent by killing the most people and destroying resources. This was present at the battle of Verdun, when Germany tried to "Bleed the French white". (notes)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Reparations**: user:fhsemilyh <span style="color: rgb(89,24,24);">these were paid off by the losing side of a war (in WWI Germany was forced to accept sole responsibility for starting <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(89,24,24);">the war and pay war reparations) for things such as the damage and destruction of lands due to the war or any money lost by the winning side.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(89,24,24);"> user:Ratna Total War is “the total mobilization of all available resources in order to render useless, if not entirely destroy, the resources of one’s enemy.” (notes) It can also be defined as “a war in which every available weapon is used and a nation's full financial resources are devoted.” (other)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Propaganda: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Who: Both Allied and Central Powers.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">bond - a loan made to the government; people were encouraged to buy war bonds as a way to help the government raise money during WW1; this is an example of total war - the fact that all people and most resources (including extra money) were engaged in fighting the war user:FHSHistory10
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">armistice -
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">entente- user:tlewris <span style="color: rgb(246,44,193);">an informal understanding (somewhat like a treaty but more relaxed)


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">defensive alliance: user:tlewris <span style="color: rgb(251,55,216);">an alliance between two or more countries that promises to defend the other only if the country has been attacked (or on the defensive side) not if the country has attacked (offensive side) the other country.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">neutrality alliance: **<span style="color: rgb(188,0,255); font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">an alliance between nations that agree to no attacking or assisting the other nation in war. alliance to remain neutral and do nothing [World War I] (notes) **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This was first used at the Battle of the Somme by the British, although the Germans were also developing this new weapon. Once tanks were used, the stalemate of trench warfare was neutralized because armies could cross over the no man's land with armoured protection. user:FHSHistory10 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This is a foreign policy used by the United States prior to and after World War I. Isolationism is the policy of not getting involved in foreign affairs and instead focusing a government's actions and policies on the domestic side. Only the Zimmerman Telegram, the fear of losing money from loans and the sinking of the Lusitania - all three with direct or potentially direct consequences for Americans - were elements to spur the United States to get involved in WWI. Isolationism is also a reason the US Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles with the Fourteen Points. user:FHSHistory10 <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> v  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">First Battle of the Marne <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Year: 1914 <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Location: Western Front <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Allied Commander: Sir John French (British) <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Central Commander: Von Kluck (German) <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Offensive: Germans as part of Schlieffen Plan (six weeks to capture Paris) <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Goal of Attacker: to capture Paris <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Retaliation: Parisians sent mass of citizens to front lines: “taxis of the Marne” <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Leads to “Race to the Sea” <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Victor: no decisive victory, Germans did not achieve their goal of capturing Paris, French won morale victory (government still functioning), 400 miles of France entrenched <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">user:Ratna (notes) <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> v  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Battle of Tannenburg <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Year: 1914 <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Location: Eastern Front <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Allied Commanders: Rennenkampf and Samsonov (Russian) <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Central Commanders: Hindenburg and Ludendorff (German) <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Offensive: initially Russians (wanted to capture Tannenburg) then Germans <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Goal of Attacker: to encircle Germans and capture Tannenburg, Germans intercepted radio transmissions and became aware of plan, Germans encircled Russians <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Victor: major German victory (30,000 Russians killed, 95,000 Russians captured) <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Nota Bene: Samsonov committed suicide, lowers morale of Russian soldiers <span style="font-size: 11.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">user:Ratna (notes) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Who: Russia and Germany What: Russia wanted to pull out of the war, and Germany promised not to attack them any longer if Russia gave Germany whatever they wanted When: 1918 Where: Brest-Litovsk Why/How: Germans no longer fighting 2 front war, led to the American involvement in the war. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Russian Revolution**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">tank
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">isolationism
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">self-determination: user:FHSKatieD People should determine for themselves what type of government to have.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Causes of the Great War - long and short term causes
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">People of the Great War
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kaiser Wilhelm: <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">sought to reestablish more autocratic government in Germany (notes)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Czar Nicholas II: <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">believed he alone was chosen by God to rule Russian empire, temporarily created namesake Duma, adbicated (notes)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Emperor Franz Joseph
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Lord Kitchner
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Gavrilo Princip: **<span style="color: rgb(167,0,255); font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">member of the Serbian Nationalist group Black Hand who murdered Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie when they were riding through Sarajevo, Bosnia on July 28, 1914 (notes) event sparked the Great War ** <span style="color: rgb(167,0,255); font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(167,0,255); font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(22,19,19);"><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0,62,255); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Archduke Franz Ferdinand:** archduke of Austria-Hungary when Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina from Turkey and took the nations under their control. He and his wife went to visit Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, on a national day that celebrated the day of annexation to inspect his Austrian troops. He and his wife were both murdered by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Serbian nationalist terrorism group called The Black Hand, while driving down the streets of the city. His death was the short term catalyst to the start of World War I because it created tension between Austria-Hungary, who was later in a secret alliance with Germany and Serbia, and was supported by Russia due to pan-slavism.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Woodrow Wilson: user:FHSKatieD United States President during World War I. He was an idealist who came up with the idea of the Fourteen Points, which addressed previous problems during the war. He wanted to make a League of Nations in order to maintain worldwide peace.
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Vladimir Lenin
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Innovations and Descriptions of "modern" warfare: trench warfare, land, sea, air, chemical weapons
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Battles: of Gallipoli, of the Somme, of Verdun, of Jutland <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Turning Points in the War: user:FHSKatieD Key turning points in WWI were the Battle of Verdun, German unrestricted naval warfare, and the Russian Revolution. The Battle of Verdun was a turning point in World War I because Verdun was a military stronghold in France. When the French did not allow the Germans to take Verdun, this boosted French morale. France still had a strong military in Verdun, so this was a turning point in the war. German unrestricted naval warfare was a turning point because now more people were involved so it raised the stakes of the war. This also brought the United States into the war, which helped the allied powers turn around and defeat the central powers. Another turning point of the war was the Russian Revolution. The Russian Revolution was when the Russians had signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Germans saying the Russians would give the Germans whatever they wanted as long as the Russians can get out of the war. This was a turning point because it focused all the energy on the Western Front, so the Germans had their whole military focused on the Western Front, which was trouble for the French. These were some of the turning points of WWI.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Reasons for American Entrance: ideological, political, diplomatic, economic; user:FHSKatieD//__Lusitania__-// cruise ship that the Germans sunk: the ship held Americans (1915), __German unrestricted naval warfare__- the Germans openly announced that they would fire on any ship that they believed was carrying cargo without any warning (including passenger ships) innocent civilians were now involved in the war, __The Zimmerman Note__- A telegram that Kaiser Wilhelm II instructed his minister of foreign policy (Zimmerman) to send telling Mexico to declare war on the United States and that the Germans would help out however Mexico wanted them to. Americans publicized the telegram(propaganda) if Mexico declared war on the United States it brought the war onto their home land, __American Idealism__- Woodrow Wilson was a very idealistic president, he thought it was important that the United States protect democracy around the world, __Economic Interests__: the United States was making money by selling war goods to Britain and France and the US banks lent money to Britain and France, wars were very expensive, if France and Britain lost, they wouldn't be able to repay the U.S., so the U.S. needed to get involved in order to be repaid.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Treaty of Versailles, Fourteen Points and other end of the war treaties
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK:
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK:
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Documents: "Willy-Nicky telegram excerpts", various examples of propaganda, chart about resources, Fourteen Points, Maps of Europe 1914 and 1918, Zimmerman Telegram

Terms <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(181,30,250); font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">the throne in 1917. Lead by Alexander Kerensky, its three goals were the creation of a legislative body, guaranteeing personal rights and universal male suffrage. However, this government failed to meet these goals and disappointed the Russian citizens. They failed to leave the war, create peace, and give land and bread to the lower class.
 * <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Proletariat: user : fhsemilyh <span style="color: rgb(134,9,9);">referred to members of the working class in Russia who were members of social democrat and social revolutionary groups fighting for equal rights, dictatorship of the working class, and communism.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Bolsheviks- user:tlewris <span style="color: rgb(245,50,219);">a radical Marxist group led by Lenin
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Mensheviks
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">intelligentsia: **<span style="color: rgb(181,30,250); font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">intellectual movement with very liberal and radical ideas; ** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(181,30,250); font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">think Marx: the equality of all men; some sons and daughters of the wealthy wanted Revolution to help the poor, without realizing that it would take some wealth away from them (notes) **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(181,30,250); font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">collectivization
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(181,30,250); font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">provisional government: user : fhsemilyh The provisional government took the place of Tsar Nicholas II after he abdicated
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(181,30,250); font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">russification

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">People He was disappointed with the way China was being run and said “it had become a semicolony” and wanted to overthrow the dynasty by a revolution. He wanted a more “western style” government where the people of China had more say than their government. He wanted to replace it with the ideas of nationalism, democracy, and economic and social reforms. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Events > user:fhsemilyh <span style="color: rgb(11,107,45);"> revolutionary group that was determined to overthrow his absolute rule. Gapon lead this revolutionary group to the palace in order to show the Tsar a letter asking for things that their group wanted. The Tsar, as a terrible leader, didn't attempt to interact with the people and only saw a huge mob of people walking towards his palace, so he ordered for his men to fire upon the crowds. adressed the Tsar as "our father." They intended for a peaceful meeting but because the Tsar fired upon the crowd creating a bloody massacre, his terrible leadership and corruption was the worst and most apparent that it had ever been. The government could not cover up this corruption, because this had been a turning point for the public perception. <span style="color: rgb(231,51,240);"><span style="color: rgb(20,11,11);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(107,230,120);">what: a revolution that called for PEACE LAND AND BREAD! becuase they were poor and hungry. The Tsar calls for his soldiers to attack the people but they wont becuase it is their wives... where: RUSSIA! when: February/march 1917 why: The tsar abdicates (gives up) the throne, it symbolizes the people turning against the abusive ruler and the power of the people. The provisional government is created and controlled by the cadets, in place of the tsar they promise to create a Duma, guarantee personal rights, and universal male suffrage. They never have a plan to exit the war and they fail big time..(notes) <span style="color: rgb(231,51,240);"><span style="color: rgb(20,11,11);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(140,29,247);">what: a revolution against the provisional government led by Lenin (Bolshevik) because the government was not fulfilling its promsie of PEACE LAND AND BREAD! which made the people mad. The bolsheviks were a marxist group who believed in the 5 steps of communism and they were social revolutionaries where: Russia when: October/ November 1917 why: This is important becuase the Bolsheviks (Lenin) became the government and they took over the infastructure in St. Petersburg (food, ports, radios, factories, bridges etc..) (notes)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Karl Marx: user:FHSKatieD Karl Marx was an communist. He believed that capitalism was fundamentally flawed. Marx wanted to abolish social classes. He came up with the four stages of communism, 1.class conflict, 2.revolution, 3. working class allows dictatorship to emerge as a power to stabilize country, 4. no governement will be needed. Marx presented new idealistic ideas that later effected Russia and other countries. Marxist ideas led to the Russian Revolution. He had a concept of equality among social classes. Lenin later picked up Marx's ideas. He wrote "Kapital" and "Communist Manifesto". Marx's ideas were good in theory, but simply unrealistic to get to the final stage.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Nicholas II: user:FHSKatieD He believed he was chosen by God to rule the Russian empire.
 * <span style="color: rgb(232,69,214); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Rasputin user:cfield1 He was a mystical man who claimed he had magical healing powers. The son of Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarina Alexandra had hemophilia and they did not want the heir to the throne to die. The tsarina believed Rasputin was a magic man and that he was curing her son. He represented more corruption in the aristocrats and the proletariat did not like this at all. Rasputin would not die when they tried to kill him a bunch of times, but finally did. (notes)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Father Gapon- user:tlewris <span style="color: rgb(255,0,208);">He was hired by Tsar Nicholas II to go undercover as a Russian revolutionist to figure out what the revolutionaries wanted.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Vladimir Lenin
 * Sun yat-sen**
 * <span style="color: rgb(237,84,225);"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Revolution of 1905: <span style="color: rgb(91,53,237);">The Revolution of 1905 was when a group of workers led by Father Gapon went to ask the tsar for his help with workers' rights. They <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(91,53,237);"> wanted rights such as overtime pay and health benefits. Father Gapon was actually loyal to the tsar and was working undercover to help the tsar understand who the revolutionaries might be and what they might want. The tsar feared the crowd and ordered his cossacks to attack the crowd, which included many women and children. <span style="color: rgb(231,51,240);">This harsh attack against a defenseless group proved to be a fatal turning point for the tsar. Many people no longer felt loyal to the tsar and possessed paternalistic feelings toward him. This action highlights the poor leadership of Nicholas II.  <span style="color: rgb(231,51,240);">
 * <span style="color: rgb(231,51,240);"><span style="color: rgb(0,2,255); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="color: rgb(20,11,11);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Bloody Sunday
 * WHO**: Tsar Nicholas II and Father Gapon
 * WHAT**: Tsar Nicholas II,who had already displayed corruption and bad leadership, asked Father Gapon to be incognito for the Tsar as a member of a
 * WHERE**: Petrograd (St. Petersburg), Russia (Outside of the Tsar's palace)
 * WHEN**: 1905
 * WHY/HOW**: Father Gapon was leading the revolutionary group to the palace to present a letter to the Tsar with the things that they wanted which
 * <span style="color: rgb(231,51,240);"><span style="color: rgb(20,11,11);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(107,230,120);">February Revolution user:cfield1 Who: Women of russia, peasants who didnt like the tsar... the proletariat group
 * <span style="color: rgb(231,51,240);"><span style="color: rgb(20,11,11);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(140,29,247);">October/ November Revolution user:cfield1 Who: Radical group of Bolsheviks (big) and more moderate group of Mensheviks (little) revolting against the Provisional governement

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Topics: What were the political, economic and social causes of the Russian Revolution? <span style="color: rgb(0,101,255);">user:cfield1 1. Emancipation of the Serfs: society based on feudalism (wealth=land) and the peasants were bound to the land by the aristocracy. they want a social change <span style="color: rgb(0,101,255);">2. intelligentsia: a movement that stimulated liberal and radical ideas that were shown to the peasants by the sons of the aristocracy (4 stages of communism) <span style="color: rgb(0,101,255);">3. bad leadership: They lost an embarassing fight to the Japanese in the Russo-Japanese war in 1905. Tsar Nicholas II bad leader, doesnt help people, married German princess <span style="color: rgb(0,101,255);">4. WWI: dead people, NOT INDUSTRIALIZED and cannot compete in industrialized europe, need industrial revolution! they had no guns to help them win the war, the are at a disadvantage with no resources <span style="color: rgb(0,101,255);">5. Economy: slow to go thorugh Industrial Revolution, everyone based on land and farming and cannot compete with europe, small percentage of people with all the money while the vast majority are poor and cant get food